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High-manganese steel, also known as manganese alloy steel, refers to alloy steel with a manganese content of 10% or more. After appropriate heat treatment, high-manganese steel becomes a high-strength, wear-resistant material.
Characteristics of High-Manganese Steel
The most important characteristic of high-manganese steel is that under strong impact and extrusion conditions, the surface layer rapidly undergoes work hardening, allowing it to maintain the good toughness and plasticity of austenitic material in the core while the hardened layer possesses excellent wear resistance. However, the wear resistance of high-manganese steel only demonstrates its superiority under conditions sufficient for work hardening; under other conditions, it is quite poor.
Adding 2.5-3.5% manganese to steel results in low-manganese steel, which is very brittle. However, adding more than 13% manganese to create high-manganese steel makes it both hard and tough. Furthermore, high-manganese steel is non-magnetic and will not be attracted by magnets.
Typical Mn17 wear-resistant high-manganese steel is based on Mn13 steel with increased manganese content. This improves austenite stability, prevents carbide precipitation, and thus enhances the steel's strength, plasticity, work hardening ability, and wear resistance.
High-manganese Steel Metal Forming Processes
High-manganese steel castings mostly utilize sand casting, a technology widely adopted due to its maturity and high production efficiency. However, special casting methods are also used. Special casting refers to casting methods that differ significantly from sand casting in terms of mold materials, mold-making methods, molten metal filling methods, and solidification conditions within the mold. Special casting includes: investment casting, metal mold casting, pressure casting, low-pressure casting, reverse pressure casting, squeeze casting, centrifugal casting, lost foam casting, plaster mold casting, ceramic precision casting, continuous casting, vacuum casting, fine-grained casting, and electromagnetic casting.
Due to the large solidification shrinkage and poor heat dissipation of high-manganese steel, the casting shrinkage rate is typically set at 2.5%–2.7% in process design, with the upper limit applied to larger castings. Good collapsibility between molding sand and core is essential.
High-manganese steel is a typical wear-resistant steel. Its as-cast microstructure is austenite with carbides. Austenitic manganese steel is the primary material for casting wear-resistant and wear-resistant steels. However, low-alloy steels, under certain conditions and with appropriate heat treatment, can also be very effective. After water quenching at around 1000°C, the microstructure of high-manganese steel castings transforms into a single austenite or austenite with a small amount of carbides, thereby improving the toughness of the casting.
Machining of High-Manganese Steel Castings
Due to work hardening, mechanical processing of high-manganese steel castings should be avoided as much as possible. Holes and slots in the casting should be cast in as much as possible. However, machining of high-manganese steel is not entirely impossible. For machining operations that can be completed in a single pass, tool dressing can be performed. For unavoidable machining, the machining allowance should be increased during the casting process design to ensure the feed rate avoids the work-hardened layer.
Applications of High Manganese Steel
Due to the aforementioned properties, high manganese steel castings are mainly used in mechanical equipment that needs to withstand harsh working conditions such as impact, extrusion, and material abrasion. Examples include: engine underbody plates, ball bearings, bulldozer and excavator buckets, railway tracks, bridges, ball mill liners, hammer crusher hammers, jaw crusher jaw plates, cone crusher jaw walls, excavator bucket teeth and walls, railway turnouts, tractors, bulletproof steel plates, safe steel plates, and tank track plates-all impact- and wear-resistant castings.
Typical High Manganese Alloy Castings
| Equivalent Grades of Carbon cast steel and alloy cast steel | |||||||||
| No. | China | USA | Germany | Russia | France | UK | Japan | ||
| (GB) | ASTM | UNS | DIN | W-Nr. | (TOCT) | (NF) | (BS) | (JIS) | |
| 1 | ZG40Mn | - | - | GS-40Mn5 | 1.1168 | - | - | AW3 | SCMn3 |
| 2 | ZG40Cr | - | - | - | - | 40XЛ | - | - | - |
| 3 | ZG20SiMn | LCC | J02505 | GS-20Mn5 | 1.112 | 20TCЛ | FB-M | - | SCW480 |
| 4 | ZG35SiMn | - | - | GS-37MnSi5 | 1.5122 | 35CTЛ | - | - | SCSiMn2 |
| 5 | ZG35CrMo | - | J13048 | GS-34CrMo4 | 1.722 | 35XMЛ | - | - | SCCrM3 |
| 6 | ZG35CrMnSi | - | - | - | - | 35XTCЛ | - | - | SCMnCr3 |
| 7 | - | - | - | GS-30Mn5 | 1.1165 | 30TЛ | - | - | SCMn2 |
| 8 | - | - | - | GS-36Mn5 | 1.1167 | 35TЛ | - | - | SCMn3 |
| 9 | - | LC1 | J12522 | GS-22Mo4 | 1.5419 | - | FC1-M | 240 | SCPH11 |
| B1 | |||||||||
| 10 | - | WC11 | J11872 | GS-17CrMo55 | 1.7357 | - | - | - | SCPH21 |
| 11 | - | WC9 | J21890 | GS-12CrMo9 10 | 1.738 | - | - | 622 | SCPH32-CF |
| B3 | |||||||||
| 12 | - | C5,CP5 | J42045 | GS-12CrMo19 5 | 1.7363 | - | - | 625,B5 | SCPH61 |
| 13 | - | 9 | J21610 | GS-17CrMoV5 11 | 1.7706 | - | - | - | SCPH23 |
| 14 | - | B2N | J22501 | GS-24Ni8 | 1.5633 | - | FC2-M | - | SCPL21 |
| B2Q | J22500 | ||||||||
| 15 | - | B3N | J31500 | GS-10Ni14 | 1.5638 | - | FC3-M | BL2 | SCPL31 |
| CLA10 | |||||||||
| 16 | - | B4N | J41501 | GS-10Ni19 | 1.5681 | - | - | - | - |
| B4Q | |||||||||
| 17 | ZGMn13-1 | B-4 | J91149 | G-×120Mn13 | 1.3802 | T13Л | - | BW10 | - |
| 18 | ZGMn13-2 | B-3 | J91139 | G-×120Mn12 | 1.3401 | ||||
| 19 | - | B-2 | J91129 | - | - | ||||
| 20 | - | A | J91109 | - | - | ||||
| 21 | ZGMn13-3 | B-1 | J91119 | - | - | 100T13Л | - | - | SCMnH1 |
| 22 | ZGMn13-4 | SCMnH2 | |||||||
| 23 | - | SCMnH3 | |||||||
| 24 | 15Mn | - | - | 14Mn4 | - | 15Г | XC12 | 080A17 | SB46 |
| 25 | 20Mn | - | - | - | - | 20Г | XC18 | 080A20 | - |
| 26 | 30Mn | - | - | - | - | 30Г | XC32 | 080A32 | S30C |
| 27 | 40Mn | - | - | 40Mn4 | - | 40Г | 40M5 | 080A40 | S40C |
| 28 | 45Mn | - | - | - | - | 45Г | 080A47 | S45C | |
| 29 | 50Mn | - | - | - | - | 50Г | XC48 | 030A52 | S53C |
| 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 080M50 | - | |
| 31 | 20Mn2 | - | - | 20Mn5 | - | 20Г2 | - | 150M19 | SMn420 |
| 32 | 30Mn2 | - | - | 30Mn5 | - | 30Г2 | 32M5 | 150M28 | SMn433H |
| 33 | 35Mn2 | - | - | 36Mn5 | - | 35Г2 | 35M5 | 150M36 | SMn438(H) |
| 34 | 40Mn2 | - | - | - | 40Г2 | 40M5 | - | SMn443 | |
| 35 | 45Mn2 | - | - | 46Mn7 | - | 45Г2 | - | - | SMn443 |
| 36 | 50Mn2 | - | - | - | 50Г2 | 55M5 | - | - | |
| 37 | 20MnV | - | - | 20MnV6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 38 | 35SiMn | - | - | 37MnSi5 | - | 35CГ | - | En46 | - |
| 39 | 42SiMn | - | - | 46MnSi4 | - | 35CГ | - | En46 | - |
| 40 | 40B | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 41 | 45B | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 42 | 40MnB | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 43 | 45MnB | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 44 | 15Cr | - | - | 15Cr3 | - | 15X | 12C3 | 523M15 | SCr415(H) |
| 45 | 20Cr | - | - | 20Cr4 | - | 20X | 18C3 | 527A19 | SCr420H |
| 46 | 30Cr | - | - | 28Cr4 | - | 30X | 530A30 | SCr430 | |
| 47 | 35Cr | - | - | 34Cr4 | - | 35X | 32C4 | 530A36 | SCr430(H) |
| 48 | 40Cr | - | - | 41Cr4 | - | 40X | 42C4 | 520M40 | SCr440 |
| 49 | 45Cr | - | - | - | 45X | 45C4 | 534A99 | SCr445 | |
| 50 | 38CrSi | - | - | - | 38XC | - | - | ||
| 51 | 12CrMo | - | - | 13CrMo44 | - | 12XM | 12CD4 | 620C | - |
| 52 | 15CrMo | - | - | 16CrMo44 | - | 15XM | 12CD4 | 1653 | STC42 |
| 53 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | STT42 | |
| 54 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | STB42 | |
| 55 | 20CrMo | - | - | 20CrMo44 | - | 20XM | 18CD4 | CDS12 | SCT42 |
| 56 | - | - | - | - | - | - | CDS110 | STT42 | |
| 57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | STB42 | |
| 58 | 25CrMo | - | - | 25CrMo4 | - | - | 25CD4 | En20A | |
| 59 | 30CrMo | - | - | - | 30XM | 30CD4 | 1717COS110 | SCM420 | |
| 60 | 42CrMo | - | - | 42CrMo4 | - | 42CD4 | 708A42 | - | |
| 61 | - | - | - | - | 708M40 | - | |||
| 62 | 35CrMo | - | - | 34CrMo4 | - | 35XM | 35CD4 | 708A37 | SCM3 |
| 63 | 12CrMoV | - | - | - | 12XMΦ | - | - | - | |
| 64 | 12Cr1MoV | - | - | 13CrMoV42 | - | 12X1MΦ | - | - | - |
| 65 | 25Cr2Mo1VA | - | - | - | 25X2M1ΦA | - | - | - | |
| 66 | 20CrV | - | - | 22CrV4 | - | 20XΦ | - | - | - |
| 67 | 40CrV | - | - | 42CrV6 | - | 40XΦA | - | - | - |
| 68 | 50CrVA | - | - | 50CrV4 | - | 50XΦA | 50CV4 | 735A30 | SUP10 |
| 69 | 15CrMn | - | - | - | 15XГ,18XГ | - | - | - | |
| 70 | 20CrMn | - | - | - | 20XГCA | - | 527A60 | SUP9 | |
| 71 | 30CrMnSiA | - | - | - | 30XГCA | - | - | - | |
| 72 | 40CrNi | - | - | 40NiCr6 | - | 40XH | - | 640M40 | SNC236 |
| 73 | 20CrNi3A | - | - | 20NiCr14 | - | 20XH3A | 20NC11 | - | - |
| 74 | 30CrNi3A | - | - | 28NiCr10 | - | 30XH3A | - | 653M31 | SNC631H |
| 75 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | SNC631 | |
| 76 | 20MnMoB | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 77 | 38CrMoAlA | - | - | 41CrAlMo07 | - | 38XMIOA | 40CAD6.12 | 905M39 | SACM645 |
| 78 | 40CrNiMoA | - | - | 40NiCrMo22 | - | 40XHMA | - | 871M40 | SNCM439 |
| 79 | 60 | - | - | C60 | - | 60 | XC55 | 080A62 | S58C |
| 80 | 85 | - | - | - | 85 | - | 080A86 | SUP3 | |
| 81 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 82 | 65Mn | - | - | - | 65Г | - | - | - | |
| 83 | 55Si2Mn | - | - | 55Si7 | - | 55C2Г | 55S6 | 250A53 | SUP6 |
| 84 | 60Si2MnA | - | - | 65Si7 | - | 60C2ГA | 61S7 | 250A61 | SUP7 |
| 85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 86 | 50CrVA | - | - | 50CrV4 | - | 50XΦA | 50CV4 | 735A50 | SUP10 |
| 87 | GCr9 | - | - | 105Cr4 | - | ШX9 | 100C5 | - | SUJ1 |
| 88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 89 | GCr9SiMn | - | - | - | - | - | - | SUJ3 | |
| 90 | GCr15 | - | - | 100Cr6 | - | ШX15 | 100C6 | 534A99 | SUJ2 |
| 91 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 92 | GCr15SiMn | - | - | 100CrMn6 | - | ШX15CГ | - | - | - |
| 93 | Y12 | - | - | - | - | A12 | - | - | SUM12 |
| 94 | Y15 | - | - | 10S20 | - | - | - | 220M07 | SUM22 |
| 95 | Y20 | - | - | 22S20 | - | A20 | 20F2 | - | SUM32 |
| 96 | Y30 | - | - | 35S20 | - | A30 | - | - | SUM42 |
| 97 | Y40Mn | - | - | 40S20 | - | A40Г | 45MF2 | 225M36 | - |
| 98 | ZGMn13 | - | - | X120Mn12 | - | 116Г13Ю | Z120M12 | - | SCMnH11 |
